Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy in groupers (Epinephelus spp.) in southern Italy: a threat for wild endangered species?
Abstract Background Betanodaviruses are the causative agents of Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy (VER).To date, more than 50 species have proved to be susceptible and among them, those found in genus Epinephelus are highly represented.Clinical disease outbreaks are generally characterized by typical nervous signs and significant mortalities mai